In two rulings of 28 May 2025 (No. 23-13.687 and No. 23-20.341), the First Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation clarified the legal classification applicable under European private international Law to direct action by the sub-purchaser against the manufacturer of a defective product, affirming the tortious nature of this action in accordance with the Rome II Regulation (No. 864/2007).